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2Classify your AI system
Screen scope, prohibited practices, high-risk routes, transparency obligations, general-purpose AI duties and operator responsibilities.
Open Assessment toolKey issues
Find practical routes through classification, prohibited practices, transparency, general-purpose AI, penalties, governance and documentation.
Open Practical pathwaysKey issues
1Chapters
5General-Purpose AI Models
Includes Classification Rules, Obligations for Providers of General-Purpose AI Models, Providers of Models with Systemic Risk, Codes of Practice.
Open Chapter V · Articles 51–56Obligations for Providers of General-Purpose AI Models
Obligations for Providers of General-Purpose AI Models within the EU AI Act legal library.
Open Chapter 5, Section 2 · Articles 53–54Obligations of Providers of General-Purpose AI Models with Systemic Risk
Obligations of Providers of General-Purpose AI Models with Systemic Risk within the EU AI Act legal library.
Open Chapter 5, Section 3 · Articles 55Supervision, Investigation, Enforcement and Monitoring in Respect of Providers of General-Purpose AI Models
Supervision, Investigation, Enforcement and Monitoring in Respect of Providers of General-Purpose AI Models within the EU AI Act legal library.
Open Chapter 9, Section 5 · Articles 88–94Post-Market Monitoring, Information Sharing and Market Surveillance
Includes Post-Market Monitoring, Serious Incidents, Enforcement, Remedies, General-Purpose AI Model Supervision.
Open Chapter IX · Articles 72–94Articles
28Classification of General-Purpose AI Models as General-Purpose AI Models with Systemic Risk
1. A general-purpose AI model shall be classified as a general-purpose AI model with systemic risk if it meets any of the following conditions: (a) it has high impact capabilities evaluated on the basis of appropriate technical to…
Open Article 51Obligations for Providers of General-Purpose AI Models
1. Providers of general-purpose AI models shall: (a) draw up and keep up-to-date the technical documentation of the model, including its training and testing process and the results of its evaluation, which shall contain, at a min…
Open Article 53Authorised Representatives of Providers of General-Purpose AI Models
1. Prior to placing a general-purpose AI model on the Union market, providers established in third countries shall, by written mandate, appoint an authorised representative which is established in the Union. 2. The provider shall…
Open Article 54Obligations for Providers of General-Purpose AI Models with Systemic Risk
…dition to the obligations listed in Articles 53 and 54, providers of general-purpose AI models with systemic risk shall: (a) perform model evaluation in accordance with standardised protocols and tools reflecting the state of the…
Open Article 55Enforcement of the Obligations of Providers of General-Purpose AI Models
…he Commission shall entrust the implementation of these tasks to the AI Office, without prejudice to the powers of organisation of the Commission and the division of competences between Member States and the Union based on the Tre…
Open Article 88Procedural Rights of Economic Operators of the General-Purpose AI Model
Article 18 of Regulation (EU) 2019/1020 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the providers of the general-purpose AI model, without prejudice to more specific procedural rights provided for in this Regulation.
Open Article 94Fines for Providers of General-Purpose AI Models
1. The Commission may impose on providers of general-purpose AI models fines not exceeding 3 % of their annual total worldwide turnover in the preceding financial year or EUR 15 000 000, whichever is higher., when the Commission f…
Open Article 101AI Systems Already Placed on the Market or Put into Service and General-purpose AI Models Already Placed on the Marked
…pplication of Article 5 as referred to in Article 113(3), point (a), AI systems which are components of the large-scale IT systems established by the legal acts listed in Annex X that have been placed on the market or put into ser…
Open Article 111Responsibilities Along the AI Value Chain
…ther third-party shall be considered to be a provider of a high-risk AI system for the purposes of this Regulation and shall be subject to the obligations of the provider under Article 16, in any of the following circumstances: (a…
Open Article 25Transparency Obligations for Providers and Deployers of Certain AI Systems
1. Providers shall ensure that AI systems intended to interact directly with natural persons are designed and developed in such a way that the natural persons concerned are informed that they are interacting with an AI system, unl…
Open Article 50Market Surveillance and Control of AI Systems and Mutual Assistance
1. The AI Office shall be exclusively competent for the supervision and enforcement of the obligations under this Regulation in relation to the following AI systems: (a) AI systems based on general-purpose AI models where the mode…
Open Article 75Subject Matter
1. The purpose of this Regulation is to improve the functioning of the internal market and promote the uptake of human-centric and trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI), while ensuring a high level of protection of health, safe…
Open Article 1Scope
…lies to: (a) providers placing on the market or putting into service AI systems or placing on the market general-purpose AI models in the Union, irrespective of whether those providers are established or located within the Union o…
Open Article 2Definitions
For the purposes of this Regulation, the following definitions apply: (1) ‘AI system’ means a machine-based system that is designed to operate with varying levels of autonomy and that may exhibit adaptiveness after deployment, and…
Open Article 3Harmonised Standards and Standardisation Deliverables
1. High-risk AI systems or general-purpose AI models which are in conformity with harmonised standards or parts thereof the references of which have been published in the Official Journal of the European Union in accordance with R…
Open Article 40Common Specifications
…22 of Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 that it considers the conditions laid down in paragraph 1 of this Article to be fulfilled. 3. High-risk AI systems or general-purpose AI models which are in conformity with the common specificati…
Open Article 41Procedure
1. Where a general-purpose AI model meets the condition referred to in Article 51(1), point (a), the relevant provider shall notify the Commission without delay and in any event within two weeks after that requirement is met or it…
Open Article 52Codes of Practice
1. The AI Office shall encourage and facilitate the drawing up of codes of practice at Union level in order to contribute to the proper application of this Regulation, taking into account international approaches. 2. The AI Office…
Open Article 56Tasks of the Board
…his Regulation, in particular as regards the enforcement of rules on general-purpose AI models; (d) contribute to the harmonisation of administrative practices in the Member States, including in relation to the derogation from the…
Open Article 66Scientific Panel of Independent Experts
…asis of up-to-date scientific or technical expertise in the field of AI necessary for the tasks set out in paragraph 3, and shall be able to demonstrate meeting all of the following conditions: (a) having particular expertise and…
Open Article 68Monitoring Actions
1. For the purpose of carrying out the tasks assigned to it under this Section, the AI Office may take the necessary actions to monitor the effective implementation and compliance with this Regulation by providers of general-purpo…
Open Article 89Alerts of Systemic Risks by the Scientific Panel
1. The scientific panel may provide a qualified alert to the AI Office where it has reason to suspect that: (a) a general-purpose AI model poses concrete identifiable risk at Union level; or (b) a general-purpose AI model meets th…
Open Article 90Power to Request Documentation and Information
1. The Commission may request the provider of the general-purpose AI model concerned to provide the documentation drawn up by the provider in accordance with Articles 53 and 55, or any additional information that is necessary for…
Open Article 91Power to Conduct Evaluations
1. The AI Office, after consulting the Board, may conduct evaluations of the general-purpose AI model concerned: (a) to assess compliance of the provider with obligations under this Regulation, where the information gathered pursu…
Open Article 92Power to Request Measures
…concern of a systemic risk at Union level; (c) restrict the making available on the market, withdraw or recall the model. 2. Before a measure is requested, the AI Office may initiate a structured dialogue with the provider of the…
Open Article 93Evaluation and Review
…dment of the list set out in Annex III and of the list of prohibited AI practices laid down in Article 5, once a year following the entry into force of this Regulation, and until the end of the period of the delegation of power la…
Open Article 112Compliance with the Requirements
1. High-risk AI systems shall comply with the requirements laid down in this Section, taking into account their intended purpose as well as the generally acknowledged state of the art on AI and AI-related technologies. The risk ma…
Open Article 8Administrative Fines on Union Institutions, Bodies, Offices and Agencies
…of the infringement and of its consequences, taking into account the purpose of the AI system concerned, as well as, where appropriate, the number of affected persons and the level of damage suffered by them; (b) the degree of res…
Open Article 100Recitals
37Recital 84
To ensure legal certainty, it is necessary to clarify that, under certain specific conditions, any distributor, importer, deployer or other third-party should be considered to be a provider of a high-risk AI system and therefore a…
Open Recital 84Recital 85
General-purpose AI systems may be used as high-risk AI systems by themselves or be components of other high-risk AI systems. Therefore, due to their particular nature and in order to ensure a fair sharing of responsibilities along…
Open Recital 85Recital 89
…rties making accessible to the public tools, services, processes, or AI components other than general-purpose AI models, should not be mandated to comply with requirements targeting the responsibilities along the AI value chain, i…
Open Recital 89Recital 97
The notion of general-purpose AI models should be clearly defined and set apart from the notion of AI systems to enable legal certainty. The definition should be based on the key functional characteristics of a general-purpose AI…
Open Recital 97Recital 99
Large generative AI models are a typical example for a general-purpose AI model, given that they allow for flexible generation of content, such as in the form of text, audio, images or video, that can readily accommodate a wide ra…
Open Recital 99Recital 100
When a general-purpose AI model is integrated into or forms part of an AI system, this system should be considered to be general-purpose AI system when, due to this integration, this system has the capability to serve a variety of…
Open Recital 100Recital 101
Providers of general-purpose AI models have a particular role and responsibility along the AI value chain, as the models they provide may form the basis for a range of downstream systems, often provided by downstream providers tha…
Open Recital 101Recital 102
…can provide significant growth opportunities for the Union economy. General-purpose AI models released under free and open-source licences should be considered to ensure high levels of transparency and openness if their parameter…
Open Recital 102Recital 103
Free and open-source AI components covers the software and data, including models and general-purpose AI models, tools, services or processes of an AI system. Free and open-source AI components can be provided through different ch…
Open Recital 103Recital 104
The providers of general-purpose AI models that are released under a free and open-source licence, and whose parameters, including the weights, the information on the model architecture, and the information on model usage, are mad…
Open Recital 104Recital 105
General-purpose AI models, in particular large generative AI models, capable of generating text, images, and other content, present unique innovation opportunities but also challenges to artists, authors, and other creators and th…
Open Recital 105Recital 106
Providers that place general-purpose AI models on the Union market should ensure compliance with the relevant obligations in this Regulation. To that end, providers of general-purpose AI models should put in place a policy to comp…
Open Recital 106Recital 107
…order to increase transparency on the data that is used in the pre-training and training of general-purpose AI models, including text and data protected by copyright law, it is adequate that providers of such models draw up and ma…
Open Recital 107Recital 108
With regard to the obligations imposed on providers of general-purpose AI models to put in place a policy to comply with Union copyright law and make publicly available a summary of the content used for the training, the AI Office…
Open Recital 108Recital 109
Compliance with the obligations applicable to the providers of general-purpose AI models should be commensurate and proportionate to the type of model provider, excluding the need for compliance for persons who develop or use mode…
Open Recital 109Recital 110
General-purpose AI models could pose systemic risks which include, but are not limited to, any actual or reasonably foreseeable negative effects in relation to major accidents, disruptions of critical sectors and serious consequen…
Open Recital 110Recital 111
…is appropriate to establish a methodology for the classification of general-purpose AI models as general-purpose AI model with systemic risks. Since systemic risks result from particularly high capabilities, a general-purpose AI…
Open Recital 111Recital 112
…is also necessary to clarify a procedure for the classification of a general-purpose AI model with systemic risks. A general-purpose AI model that meets the applicable threshold for high-impact capabilities should be presumed to b…
Open Recital 112Recital 113
If the Commission becomes aware of the fact that a general-purpose AI model meets the requirements to classify as a general-purpose AI model with systemic risk, which previously had either not been known or of which the relevant p…
Open Recital 113Recital 114
The providers of general-purpose AI models presenting systemic risks should be subject, in addition to the obligations provided for providers of general-purpose AI models, to obligations aimed at identifying and mitigating those r…
Open Recital 114Recital 115
Providers of general-purpose AI models with systemic risks should assess and mitigate possible systemic risks. If, despite efforts to identify and prevent risks related to a general-purpose AI model that may present systemic risks…
Open Recital 115Recital 116
The AI Office should encourage and facilitate the drawing up, review and adaptation of codes of practice, taking into account international approaches. All providers of general-purpose AI models could be invited to participate. To…
Open Recital 116Recital 117
…the obligations provided for under this Regulation for providers of general-purpose AI models. Providers should be able to rely on codes of practice to demonstrate compliance with the obligations. By means of implementing acts, t…
Open Recital 117Recital 133
A variety of AI systems can generate large quantities of synthetic content that becomes increasingly hard for humans to distinguish from human-generated and authentic content. The wide availability and increasing capabilities of t…
Open Recital 133Recital 151
…t of this Regulation, in particular the monitoring activities of the AI Office as regards general-purpose AI models, a scientific panel of independent experts should be established. The independent experts constituting the scienti…
Open Recital 151Recital 161
…ponsibilities and competences at Union and national level as regards AI systems that are built on general-purpose AI models. To avoid overlapping competences, where an AI system is based on a general-purpose AI model and the model…
Open Recital 161Recital 162
…rs of supervision and enforcement of the obligations on providers of general-purpose AI models should be a competence of the Commission. The AI Office should be able to carry out all necessary actions to monitor the effective impl…
Open Recital 162Recital 163
With a view to complementing the governance systems for general-purpose AI models, the scientific panel should support the monitoring activities of the AI Office and may, in certain cases, provide qualified alerts to the AI Office…
Open Recital 163Recital 164
The AI Office should be able to take the necessary actions to monitor the effective implementation of and compliance with the obligations for providers of general-purpose AI models laid down in this Regulation. The AI Office shoul…
Open Recital 164Recital 169
Compliance with the obligations on providers of general-purpose AI models imposed under this Regulation should be enforceable, inter alia, by means of fines. To that end, appropriate levels of fines should also be laid down for in…
Open Recital 169Recital 173
…e delegated to the Commission to amend the conditions under which an AI system is not to be considered to be high-risk, the list of high-risk AI systems, the provisions regarding technical documentation, the content of the EU decl…
Open Recital 173Recital 174
…d carry out an assessment of the need to amend the list of high-risk AI systems and the list of prohibited practices once a year. Moreover, by 2 August 2028 and every four years there after, the Commission should evaluate and repo…
Open Recital 174Recital 179
…taking into account the unacceptable risk associated with the use of AI in certain ways, the prohibitions as well as the general provisions of this Regulation should already apply from 2 February 2025. While the full effect of tho…
Open Recital 179Recital 10
…terminal equipment. Those Union legal acts provide the basis for sustainable and responsible data processing, including where data sets include a mix of personal and non-personal data. This Regulation does not seek to affect the a…
Open Recital 10Recital 64
To mitigate the risks from high-risk AI systems placed on the market or put into service and to ensure a high level of trustworthiness, certain mandatory requirements should apply to high-risk AI systems, taking into account the i…
Open Recital 64Recital 74
High-risk AI systems should perform consistently throughout their lifecycle and meet an appropriate level of accuracy, robustness and cybersecurity, in light of their intended purpose and in accordance with the generally acknowled…
Open Recital 74Recital 177
In order to ensure legal certainty, ensure an appropriate adaptation period for operators and avoid disruption to the market, including by ensuring continuity of the use of AI systems, it is appropriate that this Regulation applie…
Open Recital 177Annexes
5Annex XI
…Article 53(1), point (a) — technical documentation for providers of general-purpose AI models Section 1 Information to be provided by all providers of general-purpose AI models The technical documentation referred to in Article 5…
Open Annex XIAnnex XII
…Article 53(1), point (b) — technical documentation for providers of general-purpose AI models to downstream providers that integrate the model into their AI system The information referred to in Article 53(1), point (b) shall con…
Open Annex XIIAnnex XIII
Criteria for the designation of general-purpose AI models with systemic risk referred to in Article 51 For the purpose of determining that a general-purpose AI model has capabilities or an impact equivalent to those set out in Art…
Open Annex XIIIAnnex XIV: List of Codes for the Notification Procedure
The list of codes, categories and corresponding types of AI systems for the purpose of the notification procedure referred to in Article 30 specifying the scope of the designation as notified bodies 1. Introduction Conformity asse…
Open Annex XIVAnnex IV
…) The technical documentation referred to in Article 11(1) shall contain at least the following information, as applicable to the relevant AI system: 1. A general description of the AI system including: (a) its intended purpose, t…
Open Annex IV